r3.mapcalc: command not found

Maybe Your $PATH variable doesn't contain the default paths? echo $PATH should give something like:

[root@server ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

If it's empty, You may set the PATH variable with this command

export PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin"

On CentOS possible default full paths are:

/usr/lib64/grass-6.4.4/bin/r3.mapcalc - from package: grass

You may install the required package with command yum install {package}

On Debian possible default full paths are:

/usr/lib/grass64/bin/r3.mapcalc - from package: grass-core

You may install the required package with command apt-get install {package}

Error in other languages:
r3.mapcalc: bevel nie gevind nie
r3.mapcalc: comandă negăsită
r3.mapcalc: comando não encontrado
r3.mapcalc: commande introuvable
r3.mapcalc: command not found
r3.mapcalc: käsku ei ole
r3.mapcalc: không tìm thấy lệnh
r3.mapcalc: komanda nerasta
r3.mapcalc: Kommando nicht gefunden.
r3.mapcalc: kommandot finns inte
r3.mapcalc: komut yok
r3.mapcalc: nie znaleziono polecenia
r3.mapcalc: níor aimsíodh an t-ordú
r3.mapcalc: no se encontró la orden
r3.mapcalc: no s'ha trobat l'ordre
r3.mapcalc: opdracht niet gevonden
r3.mapcalc: parancs nem található
r3.mapcalc: perintah tidak ditemukan
r3.mapcalc: príkaz nenájdený
r3.mapcalc: příkaz nenalezen
r3.mapcalc: команда не найдена
r3.mapcalc: командата не е открита
r3.mapcalc: 命令找不到
r3.mapcalc: コマンドが見つかりません